Functional group identification by FTIR is required for structural elucidation during drug development and during routine analysis test.
Read MoreThese 12 proven GC column maintenance tips to extend column life, improve peak sharpness, reduce downtime, and achieve reliable gas chromatography results
Read MoreAsymmetry Factor Vs Tailing Factor in HPLC; Tailing factor is measured at 5% of the peak height whereas asymmetry factor is measured at 10% of the peak height.
Read MorePharmaceutical R&D Carrier opportunities explained with key roles, required skills, qualifications, career paths, growth opportunities, and FAQs to help you build a successful career in research and development.
Read MoreElectronic chemicals in the electronics industry explained with types, applications, semiconductor solvents, top manufacturers, and FAQs, highlighting their critical role in modern electronics and semiconductors.
Read MoreSpecialty Chemicals vs Commodity Chemicals explained with clear definitions, examples, applications, key differences, market trends, future outlook, and FAQs for industry professionals and students.
Read MoreLearn what an STP (standard test procedure) is, how to write it, key sections, safety considerations, calculation methods, typical chromatograms, applications, and a case study for accurate lab analysis and compliance.
Read MoreAnalytical Method vs Analytical Method Development explained with clear definitions, key differences, approaches, techniques, applications, and FAQs for pharmaceutical and analytical professionals.
Read MoreProduct validation in pharmaceuticals explained—definition, types, importance, validation process, regulatory compliance, and FAQs.
Read MoreGC and HPLC peaks are graphical representations of compounds eluting from a chromatography system, where the x-axis denotes retention time, and the peak height or area corresponds to the compound’s concentration, providing both qualitative and quantitative information about the sample. Chromatography (both Gas Chromatography – GC and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography – HPLC) relies on the […]
Read MoreEnantiomers, diastereomers, racemates, and meso-compounds are types of stereoisomers—compounds with the same formula but different 3D arrangements—where enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images with opposite chirality, diastereomers are non-mirror-image stereoisomers with different properties, racemates are 50:50 mixtures of enantiomers that are optically inactive, and meso-compounds have chiral centres yet are achiral due to internal symmetry. Enantiomers, […]
Read MoreSwab sampling and Rinse sampling are key techniques in cleaning validation, each with distinct advantages. Guidelines recommend combining both methods for thorough residue assessment. Cleaning validation is a critical aspect of pharmaceutical manufacturing that ensures equipment and surfaces are free from residues of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), cleaning agents, and microbial contaminants. Two primary sampling […]
Read MoreHere you will learn Partition, adsorption, ion exchange, and size exclusion chromatography principle, mechanism and Partition vs Adsorption, vs Ion Exchange vs Size Exclusion Chromatography: Key Differences
Read MoreDenatured ethanol is ethanol that has been mixed with additives, such as methanol, to make it toxic and undrinkable. In contrast, undenatured or pure ethanol is the original, safe-to-drink form of alcohol. The main difference lies in the addition of these toxic chemicals, which prevents consumption as a beverage and makes denatured ethanol cheaper and […]
Read MoreAtomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) is a powerful analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific elements within a sample by measuring the amount of light absorbed by free atoms. In this method, the sample is first atomised—converted into gaseous atoms—after which light from an element-specific hollow cathode lamp passes through the vapour. The extent […]
Read MoreHere you will learn Raman spectroscopy, principle, applications and key differences between Raman spectroscopy Vs FTIR Spectroscopy with FAQs
Read MoreMaster Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy—its principles, components, functional group identification, and the role of KBr pellets and CCl₄ solvent—explained clearly with FAQs.
Read MoreHere you will learn How Should Expired Nitrosamine Impurities And Analytical Waste Be Safely Disposed Of
Read MoreThe Synthetic drugs are artificially synthesized in the laboratories whereas Natural Drugs are derived from plants, animals, or microorganisms
Read MoreDrug discovery is the initial phase of identifying potential drug candidates by targeting a specific disease. Drug development is followed by testing the most promising candidates through preclinical and clinical trials to ensure safety, efficacy, and proper dosage before regulatory approval. The entire process is long, costly, and has a high failure rate. Drug Discovery […]
Read MoreNMR Interview Questions and Answers For R&D, Analytical, QC, QA, And RA Roles NMR interview questions typically cover both technical knowledge and soft skills. On the technical side, candidates may be asked about the principles of NMR, interpretation of spectra—such as chemical shift, spin–spin coupling, and multiplicity—along with the advantages, limitations, and applications of various […]
Read MoreInterview FAQs On FTIR And Uv Visible Spectrophotometer UV-visible and IR spectroscopy are widely used tools in pharmaceutical development for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. This is the reason why most of the questions are asked about these topics in pharmaceutical analytical or QC interviews. In this post, I will discuss all the questions asked […]
Read MoreTop titration interview questions often focus on the fundamentals, such as defining titration, distinguishing between the equivalence point and the end point, and explaining various titration types—including acid–base, redox, and complexometric methods. Candidates may also be asked about the principles behind specialised techniques like Karl Fischer titration, common sources of analytical error, and key concentration […]
Read More65+ top GC interview questions and answers for Analytical, QC, QA, R&D and RA positions, for pharma professionals who want to crack the interview in the first attempt
Read MoreCommon HPLC interview questions typically focus on fundamental concepts such as the principle of HPLC, its instrumentation, column chemistry, and mobile-phase selection. Candidates are often tested on method development, system suitability parameters, and troubleshooting skills. You should be familiar with topics like retention time, normal-phase vs. reverse-phase chromatography, isocratic vs. gradient elution, and common issues […]
Read MoreHPLC method adjustment is necessary to ensure accurate pharmaceutical analysis, since factors such as analytical errors and environmental conditions can cause changes in retention time (RT), relative retention time (RRT), or peak shape. According to the standard test procedure (STP), analysis can not be initiated if the HPLC system fails in the system suitability test. […]
Read MoreLearn GC Method Adjustment Limits, definition, adjustment parameters such as film thickness adjustment, Column length, column internal diameter, temperature, carrier gas, flow rate, and split ratio adjustment with FAQs
Read MoreLearn Chromatographic Techniques vs Traditional Techniques with definitions, key differences, examples, case study: Why are chromatographic techniques required for analysis with FAQs
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Read MoreLearn everything about Karl Fischer titration for water determination in pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics. Explore its principle, procedure, reagents, reactions, applications, case studies, and FAQs.
Read MoreThin-Layer Chromatography or TLC is a separation technique based on the solid stationary phase (coated on the plate) and the liquid mobile phase. Separation is governed by the polarity principle - "Like Attracts Like"
Read MorePDA (Photo Diode Array) Detector/DAD is a widely used technique to check the HPLC peak purity and peak homogeneity during method development
Read MoreLearn everything about TTC Concept, In Silico Systems, Impurities classification/Mueller Impurity classification system, TTC Advantages, Exception of TTC/Cohorts of Concern with case study & FAQs
Read MoreBoth Impurities And Related Substances degrade the quality of a pharmaceutical. Pharmaceutical impurities are unwanted substances found in a drug product, including residual starting materials, by-products, reagents, and degradation products. Related substances are a specific category of impurities that are structurally similar to the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), typically arising from the manufacturing process or […]
Read MoreLearn difference between pKa and pH with expert tips, why pKa and pH matter, what does it really mean when we say pKa is equal to pH with FAQs
Read MoreIPA (Isopropyl alcohol), or propan-2-ol(C3H8O)(C₃H₈O)(C3H8O), is a colourless, flammable liquid widely used as a solvent, disinfectant, and cleaner. Known for its rapid evaporation and ability to dissolve oils and greases, IPA is commonly employed in electronics cleaning, hand sanitisers, and industrial and household disinfection. Why 70% IPA is used in Pharma as Disinfectant? Isopropyl Alcohol […]
Read MoreIntroduction Selecting GC columns for alcohol analysis needs both knowledge of chromatography and expertise. Gas Chromatography (GC) is a powerful tool for analysing volatile compounds, and it’s especially useful for detecting and quantifying short-chain alcohols like methanol, ethanol, propanol, and their isomers. These alcohols are commonly found in pharmaceuticals, beverages, cosmetics, and industrial solvents—making accurate […]
Read MoreLearn pharmaceutical conversions for accurate drug dosing with basic metric conversions, weight/mass conversions, volume conversions, dosage-specific conversions with quick Reference & expert tips.
Read MoreXRD analysis or X-ray diffraction analysis is a vital tool in pharmaceutical development, providing detailed insight into the solid-state properties of drug compounds.
Read MoreWhile the ICH and ANVISA method validation guidelines share the same fundamental goal of ensuring reliability and accuracy, they differ in their level of detail and regulatory expectations
Read MoreHere you will learn particle size analysis definition, principles, D10, D50, and D90, purpose, applications and factors affecting the Measurement with FAQS
Read MoreHPLC stands for High Performance Liquid Chromatography , UFLC stands for Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatography & UPLC stands for Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography
Read MoreAmorphous And Crystalline Drugs: Learn definition, similarities, differences, Amorphous Solubility, which gives a more stable dosage form with FAQS
Read MoreLearn Polymer Morphology and Crystallinity, definition, factors influence a Polymer’s crystallinity, how do Amorphous and Crystalline regions differ with FAQs
Read MoreThe UV/Vis spectrophotometer is one of the most common analytical tools used in the pharmaceutical industry for both assay (quantitative) and identification (qualitative) analysis of drugs
Read MoreHere you will learn what is Custom API Synthesis in Pharma R&D; importance, process, how to choose the right partner for Custom API Synthesis with FAQS
Read MoreDiscover the most effective water treatment chemicals for hard water removal — including coagulants, flocculants, chlorine, alum, and antiscalants — to ensure clean, corrosion-free water for industrial and domestic use.
Read MoreCROs focus on research activities such as clinical trial design, regulatory support, and data analysis, while CMOs specialise in the large-scale manufacturing of drug substances and finished products.
Read MoreHere you will learn pH Meter, definition, principle, types, pH scale, how to choose the right pH meter, how to maintain and calibrate a pH Meter with FAQs
Read MoreReference Standard (RS) Vs Working Standard (WS): Learn the key differences, roles, and uses in pharmaceutical analysis, including how RS ensures accuracy while WS serves as a calibrated secondary standard for routine quality testing
Read MoreDegradation products are a type of impurity formed when a substance chemically breaks down over time due to factors like heat, light, or moisture
Read MoreTautomerism in pharmaceuticals refers to the interconversion of structural isomers via the migration of a hydrogen atom, while rotamerism involves the interconversion of conformational isomers through rotation around a single bond
Read MoreLearn sample preparation for HPLC analysis: step-by-step such as sample collection, dilution, filtration, degassing, pH adjustment & storage with FAQs
Read MorePharmaceutical specifications define the quality standards a drug product must meet, including acceptance criteria and referenced test methods. Pharmaceutical tests are the laboratory procedures used to measure product characteristics and verify compliance with these specifications. In short, specifications describe what quality is required, while tests define how that quality is measured. Pharmaceutical Specifications vs Pharmaceutical […]
Read MoreLearn key differences between Photostability And Forced Degradation Studies Of Pharmaceuticals with FAQs
Read Moreere you will learn Route of Synthesis (ROS),its Principles, Route Scouting, Applications and Case Studies with FAQs
Read MoreA pharmaceutical dosage form is the final physical presentation of a drug, containing both the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipients, with the API providing the therapeutic effect and excipients aiding in the formulation, stability, and delivery. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Excipients and APIs: Key Differences Aspect Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Excipients Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) Definition […]
Read MorePharmaceutical intermediates are chemical building blocks used in the multi-step synthesis of APIs—the active drug components that provide therapeutic effects
Read MoreClassification of Analytical Methods is based on classical (wet chemistry, e.g., titration, gravimetry) and instrumental (e.g., spectroscopy, electrochemistry), and by their goals
Read MoreBoth C18 and C8 are widely HPLC columns, the C8 column contains 8-carbon alkyl chain whereas C18 column contains 18-carbon alkyl chain
Read MoreRelated Substances Test detects impurities and degradation products whereas assay test measures the exact content of pharmaceutical
Read MoreAn SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) outlines general instructions for routine tasks, ensuring consistency and efficiency whereas a STP refers Standard Testing Procedure related to the method of analysis
Read Morective Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) is the active component that produces the desired therapeutic effect in a drug whereas raw material Supports API synthesis or drug formulation (e.g., solvents, reagents, excipients).
Read MoreMelting Point is the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid whereas boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas.
Read MoreLearn Column Chromatography, definition, principle, problems associated with column chromatography with troubleshooting and interview questions with answers
Read MoreThe drug development process is a systematic, multi-stage journey to discover, test, and bring a new pharmaceutical drug to market, ensuring it is safe and effective for human use.
Read MorePreparative HPLC Vs Analytical HPLC: Key Differences and Scale-Up of an Analytical RP-HPLC Method to Preparative Purification with FAQS
Read MoreThe Lessons Learned approach is a structured process of capturing, analysing, and applying insights from past successes and failures to enhance future projects and prevent the recurrence of mistakes.
Read MoreLearn Starting Material and Key Starting Material, definition, key differences, and case studies with FAQs
Read MoreLearn what a Stability Indicating Method (SIM) is in pharmaceutical analysis, why it's essential, key development steps, regulatory guidelines, and its advantages for ensuring drug safety and efficacy
Read MoreNormality measures the concentration of reactive units (equivalents) per litre of solution, whereas Molarity measures the number of moles of solute per litre of solution
Read MoreLearn nonaqueous titration—definition, working principle, key applications in pharmaceuticals, and a real-world case study. Ideal for students, researchers, and lab professionals.
Read MoreComplexometric titration is a form of volumetric analysis where the formation of a complex compound between a metal ion and a chelating agent (ligand) is used to determine the concentration of the metal ion in solution.
Read MoreA redox titration is an analytical technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown substance by reacting it with a precisely known volume of a standard solution in a redox reaction, where electron transfer occurs.
Read MoreAcid-base titration is commonly used to determine the concentration of an unknown acidic or basic substance through acid-base reactions
Read MoreGC method validation for impurity analysis ensures the gas chromatography method is reliable and suitable for accurately, precisely, and specifically quantifying impurities in a sample
Read MoreHPLC solvents are liquid compounds used as part of the mobile phase to carry analytes through the column.
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Read MorepKa in Reverse Phase HPLC governs peak elution. It plays a unique and critical role in the separation of analytes as it directly influences selectivity
Read MorepH Plays a crucial role in HPLC reverse phase separation and hence buffer must be selected APIs and its related impurities
Read MoreLearn how RFT improves efficiency, reduces costs, and accelerates time-to-market by ensuring quality and accuracy at every stage of the process.
Read MoreLearn how Quality by Design (QbD) enhances pharmaceutical development by integrating quality into every stage. Explore its benefits, challenges, and real-world applications in ensuring safe, effective, and consistent drug products.
Read MorePurity is the qualitative content of any drug substance or its phases, while potency is the absolute quantitative content of any drug substance or its phases.
Read MoreHold Time Study determine how long pharmaceuticals can be held before processing without affecting quality whereas stability study determines the shelf life and storage conditions of pharmaceuticals
Read MoreAssay is the quantitative relative content of a drug, while potency is the quantitative absolute value of a drug standard
Read MoreAn assay is the quantitative measurement of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in a substance, while purity refers to the assessment of the presence and level of impurities, involving qualitative or quantitative analysis.
Read MoreLearn about Chiral HPLC, a specialised technique for separating chiral compounds in pharmaceutical analysis. Understand its importance, applications, and how it works.
Read MoreLearn about climatic zones for stability studies, including their definition, types (ICH Zones I–IV), and importance in pharmaceutical and product development for global compliance and shelf-life testing.
Read MoreChiral chromatography is a specialized separation technique used to resolve enantiomers—molecules that are mirror images of each other—by employing a chiral stationary phase along with a liquid or gas mobile phase.
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Read MoreLearn key differences between Validation protocol and report with frequently asked questions (FAQs) to help you better understand and implement them.
Read MoreThe signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio in HPLC is a key measure of analytical sensitivity. It is typically calculated using the formula: S/N = 2H/h. where H is the peak height and h is the noise height.
Read MoreChiral GC/Chiral Gas Chromatography is Gas chromatography with chiral column to separate volatile organic chiral compounds.
Read MoreDiscover Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) – a fast, eco-friendly technique for separating complex mixtures. Learn its principles, pharmaceutical applications, advantages, limitations, and how it compares to HPLC and GC.
Read MoreLearn how Ion Exchange Chromatography is used in pharmaceutical analysis for precise quantification of cations and anions in APIs. Includes principles, procedures, case studies, and regulatory insights.
Read MoreExplore how DSC aids drug development by analyzing thermal behavior, stability, and polymorphism
Read MoreLearn how to quantify polymorphic impurities in APIs using X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) with a step-by-step analytical approach, calibration formula, and a real-world Carbamazepine case study
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Read MoreLearn what polymorphism is in pharmaceuticals, its types, real-world examples, testing methods, regulatory guidelines, and its impact on drug development, stability, and bioavailability
Read MoreEssential HPLC equations and terminology encompass key parameters related to column separation, mobile and stationary phases, flow rate, retention time, and resolution. A clear understanding of these concepts is vital for accurate method development, optimisation, and reliable HPLC analysis. In this blog, I will discuss the fundamental HPLC terms and formulas that every chromatographer should […]
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Read MoreDiscover the key differences between methanol and acetonitrile in HPLC. Compare safety, cost, UV cut-off, resolution, peak shape, and more to determine the best solvent for your analysis.
Read MoreLearn what extractables and leachables are, how they differ, and how they are tested in the pharmaceutical industry.
Read MoreHPLC Column Washing by Sonication is used to remove strongly adsorbed materials and improve column performance
Read MoreExplore the difference between Ruggedness and Robustness testing in pharmaceutical analysis. Learn their importance in ensuring method reliability, consistency, and quality control across varying conditions
Read Moreearn the key differences between analytical method development and validation using chromatographic, titrimetric, and mass spectrometric methods with case studies and FAQs.
Read MoreReLearn Method Reproducibility Vs. Intermediate Precision in Analytical Method Validation; key difference with real case studies and FAQS
Read MoreHPLC Mobile phase modifiers—such as trifluoroacetic acid and triethylamine—are chemical additives incorporated into the mobile phase to enhance peak efficiency, resolution, elution profiles, and selectivity in HPLC separations
Read MoreLearn why degassing the mobile phase is essential in HPLC. Discover its impact on system performance, accuracy, and the best degassing methods used in modern labs."</strong></p> <!-- /wp:paragraph -->
Read MoreTechnology Transfer of Analytical Methods in Pharmaceuticals refers to the systematic process of transferring validated analytical methods from one laboratory to another
Read MoreThe main difference between chromatographic and titrimetric methods is that the chromatographic method is selective, while the titrimetric method is not.
Read MoreGC troubleshooting teach you how to resolve problems like no peaks in chromatogram, retention time shifts, poor peak shape, baseline noise or drift and ghost peaks appearance during GC analysis
Read MoreGC bleeding, also known as GC column bleed, occurs when the stationary phase thermally degrades at temperatures near the column's upper limit, leading to unwanted baseline noise or artefacts.
Read MoreIn reverse-phase HPLC, the stationary phase is nonpolar and the mobile phase is polar whereas in normal-phase the stationary phase is polar and the mobile phase is nonpolar
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Read MoreIodometric titration involves the use of iodine (I₂) and thiosulfate (S₂O₃²⁻). Typically, an oxidising agent is introduced into an acidic solution containing excess iodide (I⁻)
Read MoreLearn how to select, store, and handle HPLC-grade water to improve chromatographic performance. Discover best practices that ensure cleaner baselines, longer column life, and more reliable HPLC results.
Read MoreLearn to reduce HPLC method development cost in 12 easy steps.
Read MoreHPLC troubleshooting is the process of identifying common HPLC problems, their possible causes, and providing practical solutions to these problems to ensure reliable results and minimise downtime.
Read MoreGC capillary columns are widely used in industries than packed columns because capillary columns give sharper peaks with less tailing, higher theoretical plates than packed columns
Read MoreA polarimeter is an analytical instrument used to measure the optical rotation of an optically active substance.
Read MoreWhy is the Mobile Phase Filtered in HPLC: The simple answer is to protect the column and prevent blockage of the system, reduce the noise and enhance the reproducibility
Read MoreLearn difference between Iodometric and Iodimetric titration with case studies and FAQs
Read MoreLearn titration, its types, method development steps with expert tips, case studies and FAQs
Read MoreQualitative and Quantitative Analysis: Qualitative analysis is used to identify the compound, whereas Quantitative analysis is used to determine the exact quantity /concentration of the compound.
Read MoreHere you will learn chiral purity definition, calculation, importance, steps for measuring Chirality, expert tips and different analytical techniques used to perform Chiral Purity with FAQS
Read MoreLearn Potentiometric Titration and difference Between Potentiometric titration and Indicator type titration with case study
Read MoreReporting Pharmaceutical Impurities is essential for ensuring drug safety, quality, and regulatory compliance. Learn ICH guidelines, reporting thresholds, quantification limits, and best practices for accurate impurity analysis in pharmaceuticals.
Read MoreModes of Calculation in Chromatography Analysis are essential for accurate quantification, method validation, and reliable results in pharmaceutical testing. Learn key methods like area normalization, calibration curves, internal & external standards, and RRF with FAQs.
Read MoreLearn how to set up Identification test specifications for pharmaceuticals
Read MoreLearn what enantiomeric excess is, how it's calculated, and its real-world applications with case studies.
Read Moreere you will learn Achiral and Chiral Molecules, definitions, key differences, identification procedures, characteristics with examples and FAQS
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Read MoreHPLC Method for Nonpolar Molecules; How to Separate Naphthalene and Anthracene?
Read MoreLearn Corrective and Preventive Action (CAPA) with definition. implementation, advantages, difference between corrective and preventive Action with case studies and FAQs
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Read MoreLearn how to prepare and optimise HPLC mobile phases correctly with expert tips, cost-saving strategies, and real case studies
Read MoreDerivatisation in GC/GC-MS is essential for converting non-volatile or highly polar pharmaceuticals into volatile, stable, and analytically compatible derivatives suitable for chromatographic separation and detection.
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Read MoreLearn HPLC detector, types, selection procedure, expert tips with case study studies and FAQs
Read MoreLearn everything about GC column, including types, how to select the right one, real-world case studies, and answers to frequently asked questions
Read MoreLearn how the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) classifies drugs based on solubility and permeability to predict oral drug absorption, bioavailability, and guide formulation development
Read MoreLearn about GCMS in drug development; its principles, applications in industries, real-world case studies, and answers to frequently asked questions
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Read MoreLearn void volume, dwell volume, and dead volume in chromatography—three key concepts that explain how mobile phase moves through an HPLC column and system.
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Read MoreExplore Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) in pharmaceutical development - learn structure elucidation, ionisation modes, mass analyser, and expert tips with real-world case studies
Read MoreThe capacity factor in HPLC or the the retention factor (k') is a chromatographic parameter that indicates how long an analyte is retained on the column relative to an unretained (or void volume) peak
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Read MoreLearn about HETP (Height equivalent to a theoretical plate) with applications with applications, Optimisation & Case Study.
Read MoreLearn the importance of photostability testing in pharmaceuticals, including procedures, benefits, case studies, and how it ensures drug safety, quality, and efficacy
Read MoreHere you will learn the forced degradation studies in pharmaceutical development, including procedures, condition selection, impurity identification, result evaluation, and mass balance calculation with case studies and FAQs.
Read MoreHere you will learn How To Perform Detection Limit (DL) and Quantification Limit (QL) in AMV with case study
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Read MoreLearn to perform specificity in analytical method validation in pharmaceutical analysis step-by-step with procedures, acceptance criteria, case study, and 5+FAQs.
Read MoreLearn everything about Analytical Method Validation (AMV), including concepts, validation parameters, ICH Q2(R2) guidelines, step-by-step procedures, acceptance criteria, protocols, reports, and FAQs for pharmaceutical and laboratory professionals.
Read MoreUnderstand potency, purity, and assay in pharma testing. Discover key differences, how to calculate them, and why they matter in drug development
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Read MoreGet mastery on Relative Response Factor (RRF), including its definition, calculation methods, impurity quantification techniques, Response Factor concepts, factors affecting RRF, numerical examples, advantages, limitations, practical case studies, and frequently asked questions (FAQs) in pharmaceutical analysis.
Read MoreLearn the key differences between Analytical Method Validation and Verification in pharmaceutical analysis. Explore their applications, advantages, and case studies to gain practical insights into these essential processes
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Read MoreDiscover various methods to determine pKa values, including titration, UV-Vis spectroscopy, NMR, HPLC, and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Learn the principles, procedures, and applications of each technique for accurate pKa determination.
Read MoreExplore the importance of solubility in drug development, bioequivalence, and quality control. Learn about solubility principles, classification, calculation by HPLC, and factors affecting solubility. Dive into pharmaceutical solvent selection, case studies, and FAQs to enhance your understanding."
Read MoreLearn Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity, Chemistry behind Genotoxicity, Types of Genotoxicity, Genotoxic nature of Epoxides, Aromatic nitro compounds and Aromatic amines
Read MoreThe chromatographic peaks that do not belong to the sample matrix or diluent and whose origin is unknown are called ghost peaks.
Read MoreThis article describes equivalent HPLC columns, steps for selection of equivalent column with case studies and FAQs
Read MoreThe specified and unspecified Impurities play a vital role in the related substance or impurities profile specification of any pharmaceutical. Both specified and unspecified Impurities refer to the identification, control, and regulation of these impurities during drug development and manufacturing.
Read MoreHPTLC is a modified and advanced version of the TLC technique. It is a powerful analytical technique that provides a highly sensitive, reproducible, and cost-effective means of separating, identifying, and quantifying components in a mixture.
Read MoreICPMS is an advanced analytical technique widely used in pharmaceutical development for detecting trace metals, including both essential and potentially harmful elements, at very low concentrations. Its high sensitivity and precision make it invaluable in a range of applications, from raw material testing to quality control of final APIs (Active pharmaceutical ingredients).
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